Fall of Chinas Qing Dynasty Causes and Consequences

When the last Chinese dynasty—the Qing dynasty —fell in 1911–1912, it marked the end of the nations incredibly long imperial history. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Key Takeaways: Collapse of the Qing The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 1911–1912. The elites self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise.  A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions.  A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901 and Wuchang Uprising of 1911–1912. The ethnic Manchu rulers of Chinas Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? As you might expect, the collapse of Chinas Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Murmurs of Dissent The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 1796–1820. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. White Lotus Rebellion As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from 140 million in 1741 to 310 million in 1794; and by 1840, the population in Qing dynasty China was over 410 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Imperial Mistakes   Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and Chinas gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 1839–42 and 1856–60. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. This humiliation showed all of Chinas subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. Deepening Weaknesses With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895–96, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established spheres of influence along Chinas coastal areas. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. The Boxer Rebellion   Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Rather than following the path of Japans Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. When Chinese peasants raised a huge antiforeigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The Last Days of the Last Dynasty Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencers treatises on social Darwinism. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as Chinas first professional revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. One Qing response was to suppress the word revolution by banning it from their world-history textbooks. The French Revolution was now the French rebellion or chaos, but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but Chinas millennia-long imperial period. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Sources   Borjigin, Burensain. The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the Jindandao Incident in 1891. Inner Asia, vol. 6, no.1, 2004, pp. 41–60. Print.Dabringhaus, Sabine. The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China. Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires. A Global Perspective. Boston: Brill, 2011, pp. 265–87. Print.Leese, Daniel. Revolution: Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty. Oriens Extremus, vol. 51, 2012, pp. 25–61. Print.Li, Dan, and Nan Li. Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 1910–11. Explorations in Economic History, vol. 63, 2017, pp. 91–106. Print.Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong. London: I.B. Tauris Co. Ltd., 2007. Print.Sng, Tuan-Hwee. Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 1700–1850. Explorations in Economic History, vol. 54, 2014, pp. 107–27. Print.

Women Roles in My Big Fat Greek Wedding and Sir Gawain

Men are said to be the head of the household and are usually the breadwinners with their main role consisting of providing for their families. On the other hand, as stated in the comedy My Big Fat Greek Wedding, women act as the neck of the household, therefore they have the ability to turn the â€Å"head†, or their husbands, in any direction they choose. Women had no ways of expressing their feelings directly in society, but instead expressed them through manipulation of their husbands. The ladies in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight exercise control in many momentous situations that if had not gone their way could’ve completely changed the ending of the game. For example, Morgana Le fay, an evil but extremely clever sorceress, had power over†¦show more content†¦Gerald Morgan seems to support this belief in â€Å"Medieval Misogyny and Gawain’s Outburst against Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† when he says â€Å"Indeed the difference of s ex is not a source of defect at all, but is required for the perfection of the species† (Morgan 20). Morgan makes an interesting point in his belief that women are required for the perfection of the species because they take on the roles that men do not. Currently ,women are breaking free from this secondary status and are taking on the roles of breadwinner and mother successfully, not needing a man to tell them otherwise. As a result, its unnecessary for women to resort to manipulation to express their desires as women in medieval history had to. Women had several manipulation strategies. From the chivalric tendencies of knights to women’s seductive tactics; manipulation was somewhat simple. Gawain’s respectful and chivalric actions empower many women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, especially Lady Bercilak. He states â€Å"This is my duty, now and forever, / to serve you, lady† (SGGK 1547-48). Gawain admits to Lady Bercilak that he will do anything she pleases and is submitting to her influence. Gawain later finds out that Lady Bercilak was a part of Morgana’s game and compares his foolishness to biblical characters who, like him, encountered problems with women such as David and

Pedro Almodovar Paper Free Essays

Christiaan Respeto Pedro Almodovar Analysis Paper Pedro Almodovar is a Spanish director that is arguably the most influential Spanish filmmaker of his generation. He is known for his bold and risky story plots and characters as well as his openness to sexuality. He is very influenced by the underground lifestyles of individuals and peoples sexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Pedro Almodovar Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almodovar’s influences and history undoubtedly show through his career. Pedro was born on September 25, 1949 in Calzada de Calatrava, Spain. He lived in poverty as a child with his mother, father, brother, and two sisters. Pedro spent a lot of his time going to a local theater watching movies from all over the world dubbed in Spanish, which was the mark of passion for film. When Pedro was eight he was put into a Catholic boarding school in Caceres, Extremadura, where there was hope that Pedro would become a priest. After his education Pedro decided to move to Madrid against his family’s wishes to pursue his dream of being a film director. Pedro Supported himself working at a Spain national phone company while making short films on the side. Pedro finally gained recognition with his films â€Å"Pepi, Luci, Bom† and â€Å"Other Girls Like Mom† for their humor and expressive sexuality. Pedro gained international recognition with his film â€Å"Woman on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown† a movie that was widely accepted for its female centered style. Almodovar had many influences in his life especially by other film directors such as Luis Bunuel, Rainer Fassbinder, Alfred Hitchcock, John Waters, Ingmar Bergman, Edgar Neville, Federico Fellini, George Cukor, Luis Garcia Berlanga, and Marco Ferreri. He is very influenced of family and deep close relationships between individuals. Pedro is also influenced by sexuality since many of his stories contained characters that are gay, lesbian, trans-gender, and have strong sexual desire. Women also seem to be a big influence in Almodovar’s films since there are strong female leads and characters in many of his films. The style Almodovar uses in his films is experimenting with elements that are not mainstream in the modern film world. Almodovar is known for films that are bold and risky for they’re expressive sexuality, complex mature narrative, and presenting the underground lifestyle of junkies and crime stricken areas. The narratives in his films are very complex and mature with dark story plots that push the edge of what is accepted in modern cinema. His use of editing in his films however are very mainstream and take the classical Hollywood approach with continuity editing but, at times uses fades and text. Almodovar uses strong female characters as well as characters that are homosexual and bi-sexual. Part 2 All About my Mother Critique ‘All about my Mother ‘ is a film that expresses the power of family and sisterhood. The film tells a very deep and dramatic story with complex characters that really enhance the experience of the film. Through the films editing, cinematography, and character development the film is surely one of Almodovar’s best films. The editing in the film is very classical Hollywood style with the use of continuity editing although when a large amount of time passes large text is displayed on screen to tell the audience exactly how long time has passed. The film also plays around with fades in cool ways such as when Manuela goes to watch the performance of â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, Esteban’s notebook is still on screen from the last scene faded in the background as the camera pans to Manuela. The cinematography in the film is very much like a soap opera with a lot of still shots and characters really being the main focus of every shot. The film does like to pan and track characters very often. The cinematography also reminds me of classic Hollywood style which helps push the story in a continuous and satisfying way. Character development is a huge and well executed in this film. Manuela was a character that really developed through the movie. When Esteban dies Manuela is a wreck that couldn’t even speak about her son with others. Over time she starts to heal little by little and tell more about her sons death. For example a great scene where it shows that Manuela developed, as a character was when she meet up with Lola to show him his son from Rosa and talks about their son who passed away. She even goes as far as to show Lola Esteban’s notebook, which she was so protective of. She also parts ways with Esteban’s picture so that Lola may have it. Overall I think this is a great film by Almodovar that kept me compelled to the very end. The film had great use of editing, cinematography, and character development that really pushed the story and experience of the film. Through it’s deep storyline and complex characters this film is definitely something I will not forget. Citation http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var http://www. helium. com/items/310894-pedro-almodovars-influence-on-filmmaking-today http://www. rottentomatoes. com/celebrity/pedro_almodovar/biography. php http://movies. yahoo. com/person/pedro-almodovar/biography. html How to cite Pedro Almodovar Paper, Essay examples

Strategic Development Within An Organisation CSL †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Development Within An Organisation. Answer: CSL Biotherapeutics Company CSL is a multinational company of biotherapeutics that produces new biotherapies so that lives can be saved. Along with that it facilitates people from life threatening medical conditions. CSL has paramount facilities of services in Australia, United Kingdom, Switzerland, U.S. and Germany. The Headquarter of company is situated in Melbourne, Australia. The range of employee of CSL company is higher than 17 thousand that working in more than 30 countries. The expertise areas of CSL are plasma products, vaccines and pharmaceuticals and research and development (Smither, et. al., 2016). CSL limited has corporate function and operational business. Corporate function covers the research and development area on the other hand operation business consist CSL Behring, Sequires and CSL plasma. Mission, vision and core competences The mission of CSL is to develop committed, mouldable and skilled employees that are known and remunerate for innovation and excellence. CSL wants to expand its business by providing beneficial biological products to Australian and international health care. To increase the wealth of shareholders, CSL will meet the expectations of customers with high quality and services. CSL will invest in the manufacture of innovative products and introduce those products into the market of Australia and international market. The vision of company is to innovating new products for reducing the issues of an individual regarding medical conditions. By giving good services and products to their customers and better working environment for their employees, CSL aims to build irreplaceable organization in the field of biological. CSL develops protein based therapies in number of areas such as fluid replacement therapies, immunoglobulin therapies, pulmonary therapies, bleeding disorders therapies, wound healing therapies and hereditary angeoediama therapy. It is the company that is passionate about saving lives and it aims to improve the life of that people who are suffering from rare diseases (CSL, n.d.). Successful Strategies deployed in the past CSL has worked on different strategies but successful strategy deployed in the past of CSL is growth strategy. Growth strategy is based on major fours factors such as market penetration, market expansion, product expansion, diversification and acquisition. Market penetration defines the introduction of same products in existing market. Market expansion also refers as market development. It is strategy in which CSL introduced its existing products to new market. CSL has reproduced number of products and added new features in existing products. A product expansion strategy works well if a change in technology has been done (Carlos, et. al., 2014). Current strategy of CSL Strategic partnership is the current strategy of CSL. Strategic partnership is the bonding between two businesses for forming two or more business. CSL established and still continues to keep intense strategic partnership with companies of North America, Asia, Europe and Australia. These collusive partnerships with different companies help to CSL for innovating new products. With the support from partners, the capabilities of companies in various field has been increased. These are research and development partnership that enhance the business development. The manufacturing capabilities of CSL is outstanding and it has commercialization experience in specific area of biological industry in which it become capable to produce products efficiently. Criticisms of the business practices CSL is a global company and there are so many competitors in this business of CSL. There are several issues occurred in business practices. Recently the management has changed of CSL services. CSL has been criticized by many groups and individuals. Other criticism of CSL business includes environmental practice, internal management, product sourcing and production of vaccines. The employees of CSL Company are not happy with their working criteria and FDA found dark participles in vials in the vaccines of swine flu. Criticism from stakeholders Criticism comes from employees of CSL because they are unhappy with the management of CSL. Employees of company have complained that the training and development system of company is not effective (Jeston and Nelis, 2014). Training of the biotherapieust industry is more important and it should be given in an adequate and knowledgeable manner because so many lives are depend on the products of CSL. Clinical product specialist has commented that management of company is careless. Work life balance in that organization is very difficult. Due to its management the CSL Company is famous on media channels. The employees of the company are key stakeholders for the company. It is the responsibility of CSL to maintain its employee relations in an adequate manner (Spahn, 2016). The effect of criticisms made by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The biggest company of Australia CSL is putting effort to reduce the criticisms effect created by the US Food and Drug Administration. FDAs criticisms have been attained by news limited newspaper, positioned on audit reports of two years. The concern of FDA was regarding multitude of manufacturing flaws and offensive conditions and practices for making vaccines. The commitment if CSL regarding vaccines was that its vaccines are safer and keep ability to fix identified issues. The warning Letter has been sent by FDA in June regarding manufacturing issues and warning has been given if issues were not fixed, the license of the company may withdraw from US (Douglas, 2016). Manufacture conditions of CSL is irrelevant and it has been found by FDA that laboratory staff did not wear mask and investigation on potential product problem were treated by CSL company in inadequate manner. Potential problems consist of number of child suffering from high fever. FDA commented that CSL has been engag ed in limited observation of manufacturing process and raw materials were not being checked by CSL in appropriate manner. The audit of FDA also criticized the inadequate investigation of CSL Company (Australia business review, 2014). Environmental analysis Environmental analysis is a tool that helps to identify the internal and external elements, which can influence the performance of the business. There are so many factors which might affect the strategies of the company. It is important for the company to evaluate the external factors such as political, economical, socio-culture, technological and legal. Few changes in these factors can bring the huge impact on the organization. SWOT analysis of CSL Company will be describing below because SWOT analysis is the strategic tool which shows internal as well as external factors of CSL Company. It is required to know about the strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats of the company so that company can overcome its issues appropriately (Zhang, et. al., 2013). SWOT analysis of CSL limited Strength CSL is the well established global company. The main strength of this company is that the field of biotechnology industry is fast growing company. It has extensive capacity level. It invests in research and development through which it gets extensive ability from that. It is the reliable brand in the view of Australian citizens. CSL operates its business in the niche segments such as anti-venom, genetics and vaccines. Company is famous for producing products like blood plasma derivatives anti-venoms, vaccines and cell culture reagents. CSL believes in innovation and as per changing in technology it reproduce products and investigate targeted market (Zhu, et. al., 2015). Weakness Diseconomies of scale are a weakness factor of CSL. It is the economic concept in which cost per unit is increased in business. CSL company is unable to manage the large workforce. The management of company is not good as it should be. Time and money both will be consumed in case of innovating new technologies and products. Training and development program of company is not effective. The activities of mismanagement reduce the productivity of the worker. Criticism from stakeholders has been increased. Opportunity Company can open its branches in all over the world. It can produce those medicines by using new technologies for those people who facing severe medical issues. It is specialized in the field of using stem cells so it would be great opportunity of CSL takes initiate step towards aware people about using of stem cells. New technologies will be helpful for CSL such as nanotechnology for producing next generations of medicines and technologies. Company can tie up with large clinics and hospitals for promotion of using stem cells. The entry of company in to new market will enhance the more believe of customers (Wolski, 2015). Threats Life Therapeutics, Peptech and Pharmasynth are the competitors company of CSL. These companies can be threats for CSL company because these company also a well established company in biotechnology industry. Strict laws and regulation from Australian government and unskilled labor can also the reason of threats for CSK company because biotechnology industry is the company in which most of laws are applicable and skilled labors are required for working. There are number of biotech companies which started off shoring conclusive activities. Organizational culture of CSL limited Organizational culture is a corporate culture which represents the beliefs and concepts of the company. It helps to make the psychological and social environment within the company. The aim of CSL Company regarding organizational culture to make the positive environment of working for employees and contractors so that productivity of the employees could increase. CSL limited treats their employees on a basis of fare and lawfully treatment. CSL nurture diversity, heath, collaboration and well being in the working environment and encourage the value of work. Ranges of models are being operated by CSL globally such as union representations direct interaction with employees and maintaining constructive bonding with employee representatives. Learning and development programs facilities are available for all level employees in which they can improve their skills at various stages. The procedure of rewards and recognition motivates the employee and enthusiasm them towards attain the goals. The unit leaders and site leaders of CSL limited are accountable for health and safety within organization. Health and well being programs are held by company in the form of lectures on health topics, meditation classes and enhance the productive environment at workplace (Williams, et. al., 2015). Core values of the company CSL Company is passionate to provide the safe products and services to their customers. Company has five core values. Customer focus, innovation, integrity, collaboration and superior performance are the core values of CSL Company. CSL Company addresses the requirement of people with disorders of life threatening. Medical research is being conducted by company. Company believes to invest in emerging technology so that new products can be developed and existing technologies and products can be improved on timely. In the term of integrity, company is highly committed to provide the services to their customers whose lives depend on CSL products. CSL Company collaborates with plasma donor, investigator and home health care companies. Company is performance driven and tries to do their best (Rodriguez, et. al., 2015). Companys culture Company culture is the environment of working which enhance the productivity of an individual. CEO of the CSL Company is motivated person and enthusiasm employees towards achieving the target of the company. Stakeholders are the key resources for the company and CEO of the company believes in stakeholder engagement. It covers various activities in it such as from the distribution of the knowledge to the providers of the health services (Spahn Zacharowski, 2015). The priority areas of corporate responsibility are innovation, safety and quality, working environment and environment performance. Conclusion It has been concluded that strategic development is the process that figure out the objectives of the company. CSL limited has vision, mission and core competencies which helps company to get mingled with its responsibility towards patients and commitments with an adequate manner. Companys strategies and criticism of business practices demonstrates the quality and issues of company. Environmental analysis would provide the entire information about the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. Company has five core values which ensure customers that they are using right brand. 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